The Teacing of Multicultural Education free essay sample

â€Å"To be not just effective, but to be the Approach† Maitha T. Rasonabe CED-02-601A Rizal Technological University Special Topics in Education (PROFED11) Ms. Lynn M. Besa Instructor INTRODUCTION: â€Å"Before we can transform the world, we must first transform ourselves† A demanding world that we are facing today challenged us to be a proactive teacher, a transformative one who is willing to start the change and engaged in a process of self-transformation. Teacher and student go together as well as the teaching and learning process, whereby the need for understanding cultural differences and the dynamics of culture contact in an increasingly diverse society is needed. Multicultural education promotes not only to teach â€Å"what† is the content and â€Å"how† to teach a particular subject area but it addresses that teachers must be responsive to honoring and celebrating the diversity of all the learners. That as teacher educators we must always consider that the learners is the center of the teaching and learning process. We will write a custom essay sample on The Teacing of Multicultural Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We must always think that an individual-learner is a complex well being with one or more differences that put gaps or boundaries to the learner and to the teacher. Multicultural classroom caters not only one set of learners; a â€Å"classrooms are culturally diverse† and we need to uncover this diversity. There is diversity if children who are different in views and perspective are present. This article would like to address the need for a transformation in teaching inside the classroom. This would discuss the important features of Multicultural Education in a laymen perspective. This article would also like to persuade and inform teachers and students on the needs for the teaching of Multicultural education. To what should be a teacher in a multicultural classroom? How should be the teaching and learning process? And what should be the implication of the teachers to their students? What is an ideal classroom setting and an ideal curriculum for learning in multicultural school? These are just some of the questions that I would like to address to you and I will try to give answers to these. DISCUSSION: The primary goal of multicultural education is to transform the school and to cater or to have equal opportunity to all the learners to learn. According to James Banks(2001), the primary goal of multicultural education is to transform the school so that the male and female students, exceptional students, and students from diverse cultural, social-class, racial, and ethnic groups experience an equal opportunity to learn. We do not simply mean a particular person or area for transformation but we are looking at the larger perspective for transformation. The proponent of the five dimensions of multicultural education Dr. James A. Banks had an interview on September 1998 issue by NEA Today Online readers. From that interview I’d knew the reason why he developed this five dimensions because he found out from his works with the teachers that many thought of multicultural education as merely content integration, so he developed the â€Å"five dimensions of multicultural education† to help educators see that content integration= putting the content in the curriculum is important, but it is only the first dimension and that multicultural education has at least five dimension. The five dimensions of multicultural education are as follow in lighter perspective. From different researches that I had I find hard to fully understand these five dimensions and my objective in presenting these five dimensions is to provide my readers an information that can easily understand which do not sacrifice the real meaning of each dimension. The first dimension is the content integration. That is how we get started. Teachers use examples to illustrate key concepts, we use the discipline through examples. Second, knowledge construction in this teachers help students to understand, investigate, and determine the understood cultural assumptions and frames of reference and perspective of the discipline they’re teaching. In other words we help student our learners to understand and also helps children to become more critical thinkers and readers and that is the knowledge construction process. Third, equity pedagogy with this teachers change their methods to enable students from diverse racial groups nd both genders to achieve, teachers modify their teaching styles so that they use a wide range of strategies and teaching techniques such as cooperative teaching, the use of simulation, role playing, and discovery. Fourth, prejudice reduction it seeks to help students develop positive and democratic racial attitudes. It helps students to understand hoe ethnic identity influenced by the context of schooling and attitudes and beliefs of dominant social groups. Fifth, empowering school cultures it involves restructuring the culture and organization of the school so that students from different racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and language group experience equality. We are looking not just at individual classroom, but at the total school culture to see how to make it more equitable. We are trying to get rid of this traditional conception of teaching that was â€Å"filling up the bucket†, that if we talked about pedagogy, we are talking about teachers and students becoming learners together. The role of the teachers and students should be both active and not passive. In teaching and learning process where culture and background of the teacher is of different, let’s keep it in our mind that it’s not the race of the teacher, but a set of cultural characteristics that make the teachers effective with children of colors. Characteristics that knew the culture of children, who often live in the community, who understood the daily lives of the students, who could relate to the students, who understand students verbal and non-verbal cues. Teachers who made demands but warm demanders. Teachers who showed students that they cared. Teachers who had high expectation with their students, and believe with their students these are the characteristics of an Effective teacher. Teachers must have the good values and attitudes and experiences. How to be not just Effective but, to be the Approach Teachers have to be engaged in a process of self-transformation. It must start with us, â€Å"before we can transform the world, we must first transform ourselves†, the process of reading, a process of engaging with others, a process of understanding that the other is us and we are the other. Teachers must do these three things. And that is to know, to care, and to act. That in order to bring this reform and to bring about this self-transformation, we need knowledge, that we cannot do this in ignorance. But knowledge is not enough, we also have to care. Horace Mann said to the graduates of Antioch College in 1859, â€Å"be ashamed to die until you’ve won some victory for humankind†, so we have to care and we have to win victories. Those teachers can have these small victories. A victory once a day or once a week, in helping students feel needed, helping a student overcome, helping students feel better in school that day, it’s a small victory; a series of small victories. Finally, we need to act because as Dante said, the worst place in Hell is reserved for those, who in times of great moral crisis take a neutral position. We need to care and to act because in that way we can transform ourselves and help transform our world. As Margaret Mead said that â€Å"A handful people can change the world. IMPLICATION: Multicultural education is an approach to school reform, and movement for equity, social justice and democracy. It tries to provide students with educational experiences that enable them to maintain commitments to their community cultures as well as acquire the knowledge, skills, and cultural capital needed to function in the national civic culture and community. Embracing the pedagogy of multicultural education lead us also to promote peace to our students. We create mindset to our student to become critical thinkers, and to be sensitive inn all aspects of life. As stated above, the main point of view of this discussion is focus on the transformation of the school. But in order to bring about this change or transformation we must be reflective, we have to start within ourselves the transformation. As we always say; we cannot teach what we do not know, same with we cannot make a transformation to others without starting this in ourselves. Another is the KCA, the acronym that I gave to the process we should have for transformation. That is to know, to care, and to act, for ourselves and for others. The seven key characteristics discuss above, help us to uncover diversity in a classroom and to eliminate any form of discrimination and biases in teaching and learning process. That â€Å"education is for all†, and we offer equal opportunity to our learners to learn regardless of their diverse culture, racial, socioeconomic status, cultural background, language group. To implement multicultural education, teachers and administrators must attend to these five dimensions of multicultural education. As future educators we must be aware of our student’s differences. We must be familiar with the approaches, methods and learning styles that are applicable in addressing the needs of our students. We must be sensitive at all times and have the set of good values and characteristics as teachers. That we are not only responsible in teaching our lessons but we are also responsible in building good values, attitudes and experiences to our students. Multicultural Approach cultivates a school environment that celebrates diversity, support mutual acceptance of respect for an understanding of human differences. References: Gorski, Paul C. 7 Key Characteristics of a Multicultural Education Curriculum. http://www. edchange. org/multicultural/resources/ct_characteristics. html Banks, James A. and Tucker M. †Multiculturalism’s Five Dimensions. †NEA Today Online. http://www. learner. org/workshops/socialstudies/pdf/session3/3. Multiculturalism. pdf Multicultural Education-History, The Dimensions of Multicultural Education, Evidence of the Effectiveness of Moral Education. http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages2252/Multicultural-Education. html#ixzz2L0tTcMZs

Edwin H. Colbert - Profile of the Famous Paleontologist

Edwin H. Colbert - Profile of the Famous Paleontologist Name: Edwin H. Colbert Born/Died: 1905-2001 Nationality: American Dinosaurs Discovered: Scutellosaurus, Staurikosaurus, Effigia, Lystrosaurus, Coelophysis About Edwin H. Colbert During his long life, Edwin H. Colbert made his share of major fossil discoveries; he was in charge of the team that unearthed a dozen Coelophysis skeletons at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, in 1947, and he also named Staurikosaurus, one of the earliest known dinosaurs of the late Triassic period. For 40 years, Colbert was a curator at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, where his mentor was the distinguished fossil hunter Henry Fairfield Osborn, and he wrote a series of popular books (including 1945s seminal The Dinosaur Book: The Ruling Reptiles and Their Relatives) that helped introduce baby-boomer kids to paleontology. When he was already past 60, Colbert accepted a post as curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Museum of Northern Arizona. Today, aside from Coelophysis, Colbert is best known for his 1969 discovery of the skeleton of an early therapsid, or mammal-like reptile, Lystrosaurus, in Antarctica. Before Colberts expedition, various Lystrosaurus fossils had been unearthed in South Africa, and paleontologists had come to the conclusion that this creature couldnt possibly have been a good swimmer. Colberts discovery proved that Antarctica and South Africa had once been joined in a single southern continent, Gondwana, thus lending support to the theory of continental drift (that is, that the earth’s continents have slowly been joining, separating, and moving around over the last 500 million years or so).

Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Question - Essay Example Among the knowledge hoped to be acquired by the student are engineering, technology, design, mechanics, mathematics and physics. This knowledge also encompass as many theoretical and practical areas as possible. Bearing the prestige of acquiring the above skills and knowledge comes with a number of responsibilities. As the adage goes, to whom much is given, much is expected. This means that the mechanical engineering graduate is expected to give back to society by exhibiting and appropriately applying the acquired skills and knowledge. In today’s contemporary society where technology revolves round almost all industries, the mechanical engineer is expected to apply his or her knowledge by incorporating advanced technology into solving some of the key problems and challenges that come with the basic functions and operations of mechanical parts of machines. More importantly are automobiles. As the mechanical engineering graduate apply the knowledge in the field, it is expected that certain core values would be exhibited along side the ordinary exhibition of skills and knowledge and these include values like recognition, achievement, independence, trust and cordial interpersonal

ASSIGNMENT 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ASSIGNMENT 1 - Essay Example For the given study, the case in focus is a London production titled Adulthood. In brief, the movie focuses on the life of the main character called Sam who had been in jail for quite a significant time after being convicted for killing Trife. In a funny twist, what Sam propagates after coming from jail is the same thing that Trife had persuaded him not to do. Trife had tried to make Sam not seek revenge. After killing his friend and going to jail for it, Sam faces a challenging life afterwards. Basically, the movie is about justice and retribution as a form of dispensation of legal law. The discussion that follows herein focuses on how Adulthood as a film observes the stipulated legal, ethical and regulations outlined in the film industry. Just like in every profession, the film industry needs to be regulated. It needs to conform to the set legal, ethical as well as relevant regulations. The industry controls a significant revenue and population. Its influence on the population is a lso significant. This highlights the importance of adhering to accepted principles. This has relevance since the influence that films command on the audience can have serious implications if deliberations are not taken into mind while controlling the industry. A film like adulthood portrays what happens in most societies. It gives the predicament of those out of jail in view of the rest of the members of the society. Socializing and getting accepted into the society after serving time in jail is often a challenge to most ex-convicts. Prejudices form part of human life. It is common to perceive people or situations from what is visualized without giving considerations to the intricate factors that surround such situations. In terms of films, legal and ethical implications must be observed to ensure the audience gets the right quality (BBFC, 2013). In case that does not happen, there are obvious drawbacks and legal tussles that a film such as Adulthood will be faced with. The audience s are consumers. Consumer satisfaction is a responsibility any business. Government policies also protect consumers. Striking a balance in reference to the two guarantees legal sustainability. In the course of film production, there are obvious contractual agreements that bind the involved parties. In this case, for instance, the film was produced by Amir Madani. In addition, there were other limited liability companies such as High bridge entertainment, Gran via Productions and Sony Pictures Television which were consulted to see the quality production as well as distribution of the film. There are several benefits associated with such companies. Firstly, individual film maker is usually represented by the company should there be a contract breach during the film production (BBFC, 2013). Secondly, the film maker could sell some interests to the limited liability companies and raise some funds to ensure the production process is a success. The companies are more likely to oblige to the tax scheme other than a certain film maker facing the taxing process on individual capacity. The legal predicaments involved in contracts are still applicable in this case. Below is a pictorial representation of the movie’s cover. Being an original work, the movie is a patented product. Its producer has the right of ownership. Any breach of that can lead to a tussle in a court of law. The breach may come from unlawful reproduction. Adulthood was a film which

Global economic Essay Example for Free

Global economic Essay Executive summary The current essay demonstrates the scenario of Indian economic crisis in 2014. Causes and impact to India was talked in the first section; influence on other economy especially to Australia was analyzed and Stolper-Samuelson Theorem was applied in section 2; similar situations in history were mentioned in the third section. 1. Describe its causes economic or non-economic (2% for creativity). In 2014, many emerging economies are facing liquidity crisis, especially India. It was the aftermath of the US QE exit. The QE is the monetary policy applied by countries like US, UK, and some EU members, that to expand the money supply and leverage; it was an effective short-term fix to boost investment and economy growth, yet when it became too long, it caused negative influence in both domestic and the global economy. Indian economy is highly dependent on foreign capital inflows, and most of them are the cheap money brought from countries with QE policies. With vast investment, the India government spent a lot on infrastructures and manufacture plants that the government kept a deficit account these years. Deficits became problematic when investment capitals stopped. Economically, short of money directly make those on-going projects unfinished; quitting QE will appreciate foreign currencies like USD while make the India currency Rupee comparably depreciate; when Rupee is weaker, there will be inflation in domestic commodity price. Non- economically, delay or stagnation of projects along with weak Rupee drove a loss of confidence on India economy, bear stock and gold market caused the equity and houses prices dropped,. India is exposed under financial crisis bought by deep troubles at home and abroad: weak Rupee performance due to comparably strong dollar; market gloom due to foreign investment withdraws; domestic commodity price surge due to inflation caused by currency devaluation; GDP growth slowed and Indian government is facing questions on its creditability and huge deficit account. Below charts show the economic effects of how QE policies in the rest of the world affected India and caused financial crisis: First of all, when foreign currencies (like USD) tapered the investment injection to India (S0 to S1, q0 to q1), Rupee devaluated (as more Rupee need for 1 dollar, r0  to r1); as Rupee devaluated, price of imported goods increased, higher cost shift the aggregate supply leftwards and caused higher price level (P to P1) and lower real GDP (Y to Y1). 2. Describe its impact on world trade and commodity prices, and use the Stolper Samuelson theorem to predict the effect on income distribution in Australia. As mentioned above, stagnation of foreign investment and weak Rupee caused slower GDP growth and higher commodities prices. Devaluation of Rupee makes Indian government even harder to repay its deficits, which in turn affected all the economy activities globally. As one of the two superpowers in Asia, India has considerable economic influence over Australia. Indians are less rich compare with the rest of the world; therefore less Indians would come to Australia for study. Education market is negatively affected and there will be job losses or even closing down in education sector in Australia. As a net energy importer, India has large demand for Australian energy products, especially for coal (for coal is the main energy resource in India). Comparably strong Australian dollar makes Aussie products less favored by India, expect the mining products, for those are necessities. According to Stolper-Samuelson theorem, assuming full employment and free labor mobility, as the demand for mining products stay steady while demand for luxury products or other non-necessities slowdown, there will be different changes in mining and other sectors. For mining as a capital-intensive industry, selling price increase will increase capital and rent costs, but lower the real wage; on the other hand, labor sectors like agriculture and services industries, shrink foreign demand results price cuts, which wage level also decreases yet capital and rent costs rises. Below charts show how the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem applies on the interactions between capital/rent and wage costs. The green line represents the labor-intensive industry (marked as L, like agriculture) and the orange line represents the capital-intensive industry (marked as C, like mining); when there’s a price increase on capital-intensive products, the curve shifts rightwards (to C1), capital/rent cost increases (r to r1) while wage level decreases (w to w1); when there’s a price drop on labor-intensive  products, the curve shifts leftwards (to L1), capital/rent cost increases (r to r1) while wage level decreases (w to w1); Moreover, weak economy in India may promote talent immigrations for skilled labor (e.g., from IT industry) moving to Australia. Economically, increased abroad labor supply would lower the wage level in Australia, which may cut costs of producing and make Australian goods and services more attractive to the rest of the world; Non-economically, gathering of professions will boost technology improvement, that would have Australian more competitive; on the other hand, a surplus of labor supply may cause social problems like unemployment and high government payment on unemployment insurance. 3. Document any historical crises that might be relevant for your answer (4%). The current India financial crisis is somewhat similar to many cases in the history. The 1929 Great Depression started after the â€Å"Black Tuesday† of stock market crash in 29 October; astonishing unemployment rate had got many people lost home and the depression lasted until 1933 (America’s Story). The Great Depression is very representative because it was caused by many typical indicators like subprime bubble burst, capital rupture, unbalanced industrial structure, and pessimistic over future economy (Bemanke James 1991). One thing different is that the Great Depression results commodity prices drop where the 2014 India crisis results inflations. The price level increases while GDP slowdown could be explained as India’s high dependency on foreign investment and the vulnerability of Rupee. Part 2 Executive summary Drug policy can change supply and demand curves. Penalizing supplying reduces equilibrium quantity and raises equilibrium price while penalizing users reduces both. It is found that different policies have their advantages and limitation. An example in Singapore indicates death penalty for suppling drags but some disagree regarding social perspective. There is an ongoing debate about drugs prohibition by government. Advocates  believe prohibition can reduce drugs trafficking and use, so that lower crime, improving productivity and increasing people’s health. Opponents believe prohibition has only modest effects on trafficking and use while causing many problems such as numerous other negative side effects and increased crime and corruption. One issue in this debate is the effect of drugs prohibition on government budgets. Prohibition entails direct enforcement costs, and prohibition prevents taxation of drug production and sale. Understandably, thus, some politicians, commentators, interest groups, and citizens have embraced unconventional approaches to closing fiscal gaps, such as legalizing drugs. The enforcement costs would be negligible and governments could levy taxes on the production and sale of drug. Also, government expenditure would decline and gains in tax revenue. The figure analyses the market for drug if there were no government intervention. The equilibrium would be at point A, which price P1 and Q1. Total revenue of sellers and total spending by buyers would be the area of the rectangle P1*Q1. The other figure shows the effect of a government effort to restrict supply through any of several methods, including vigilant customs inspections, arrest and stiff penalties for drug dealer, or efforts to reduce drug traffic from producing countries like Thailand. The decrease in supply is represented by a leftward shift of the supply curve, establishing a new equilibrium at price P2 and quantity Q2. All this suggest that supply restrictions if they successfully reduce the equilibrium quantity of drug and will also raise its equilibrium price. Similarly, based on the inelastic demand for illegal drugs, has led many economists to advocate the controlled legalization of most currently illegal drugs. Others advocate a shift of emphasis in the war from decreasing supply to decreasing demand. Policies that might decrease the demand for illegal drugs and shift the demand curve leftward include stiffer penalties on drugs users. The figure shows a policy of reducing demand. As the demand curve shifts leftward, price falls from P1 to P3, and quantity demanded falls from Q1 to Q3. This would lead to total expenditure on drugs decrease and can  contribute to a low crime rate by drug users and make the drug industry less attractive to potential dealers and producers. Opponents to the policy of full legalization Opponents believe that the legalization of drugs would increase use, lad to more experimentation by youth, and exacerbate the existing deleterious effects that drugs have on society (Smith, 2011). They are of the opinion that government subsidization of addicts would have crippling effects on the economy. They also feel that legalization would help to create a large black market for drugs. The point of view is that dealers will still be involved in crime and violence and those users will still need to support themselves by engaging in criminal activity, thus, it will result in even larger prison populations. Basically, they believe that the legalization of drugs would lead to increases, not reductions, in crime because there would be more addicts and because of the aforementioned black market (Wilson, 1990). Also, they believe the legalize drugs would have devastating effects on public health, the economy, quality of life, culture and society as a whole. Opponents to the policy of penalizing use There are some arguments that against the drugs uses. For example, the failure of prohibition to prevent consumption of illicit drugs shows that existing policies do not work. It would be preferable to use the money saved by ending prohibition to provide more drug rehabilitation centres and more drug education. More than this though, prohibition creates a powerful supply vacuum which can only be filled by criminals. The consequence of this is less safe drugs (from adulteration), violence and stronger organised crime elements. Moreover, by criminalising drug users, prohibition needlessly removes people from potential employment and use to society and possibly creates criminals out of people who wouldn’t otherwise be so inclined. Some illegal drugs are no more dangerous than the legal drugs of alcohol and tobacco. On the other hand, proponents of medical drugs such as marijuana argue that it can be a safe and effective treatment for the symptoms of cancer, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, pain, glaucoma, epilepsy, and other conditions. They cite dozens of peer-reviewed studies, prominent medical organizations, major government reports, and the use of marijuana as  medicine throughout world history (Barton, 2007). Opponents to the policy of penalizing supply All criminal and civil penalties against production, distribution, sale, and possession would cease because the policy might impose drugs specific regulations and taxes if in a legalized drugs regime, as occurs now for alcohol and tobacco. This would affect government budgets such as government would save the resources currently devoted to arresting, prosecuting, and incarcerating drugs producers and consumers (Holland, 2010). Also, government would collect tax revenue on the production and sale of legal drugs. The tax rates on drugs might be the same as those applied generally, or they might be higher, as with alcohol and tobacco. Miron (2005) indicates that drugs such as Marijuana legalization would reduce government expenditures by roughly $8 billion annually and would generate tax revenue of approximately $2.4 billion annually if drugs were taxed like all other goods. Opponents to the policy of penalizing both use and supply Criticisms of the current drug policy are varied and come from a wide variety of perspective. For example, current policy is not meeting its goals of reducing illegal drug use or its consequences. Demand for illegal drugs has not been reduced in vulnerable population or in the general population as evidenced by recent significant increases in illegal drug use among high school seniors (Inciardi, 1999). The high percentage of illegal drug use among arrestees indicates that current policy significantly contributes to criminal behaviour among drug users. This suggests that drug law simply criminalize a medical and public health problem and ask the legal system to deal with what it is, in fact, unable to affect a medical condition. Also, the drugs can be used in medicine to treat the various diseases that people have. Singapore, where is a Southeast Asian island city-state, is facing the rising of drug consumption and healthcare costs problems. The government of Singapore constitutes a range of severe polices to solve these marijuana problems. Acutely Singapore is close to the Golden Triangle opium production  region, which is the 2nd largest opium production centre in the world, as well as a major transport hub. Hence it is a transshipment point for illicit drugs, as well as minor market given the relative affluence of society (TheRealSingapore, 2013). Therefore, the drug demand will always remain, as will drug trafficking, due to Singapore status as a transport hub. In fact, the social mechanisms are harmed by the drug due to the crime, also the individual health are damaged by the marijuana (TheRealSingapore, 2013). For the actual policy on marijuana in Singapore, according to international business time 2011, Singapore, like much of Southeast Asia, has very draconian laws, particularly with respect to drug trafficking. Sometime, the drug trafficking often leads to the death penalty. In my opinion, I disagree with the death penalty due to the drug trade refer to the opponents to the policy of penalizing supply above. In Singapore, it is the penalizing supply only. For example, any adult convicted of trafficking at least 15 grams of heroin, 30 grams of cocaine or 500 grams of cannabis, faces mandatory death penalty (international business time 2011). So far, estimates that at least 400 people have been executed in the island since 1991, mostly on drug-related convictions. Thus, Singapore has very small population about 5-million population; it has one of the world’s highest rates of executions per capita (international business time 2011). In addition, Singapore has defended its drug policies. In 2009, The UN Human Rights Council strongly disagrees that States should refrain from using the death penalty in relation to drug-related offenses. However, Singapore protects their drug policy that the death penalty has become major policy to deterring drug (international business time 2011). One of the reasons why someone refuses the analysis of economic to solve this problem is that the drug problem is not only the economic problem but also the social and health problems. Although using the economic analysis to deal with the drug problem that it can give the government maximum financial benefits, it will badly influence the health problem of people. Also the rate of social crime will increase due to the drug trade. According to Buddy (2013), the drug increase alertness and physical activity. Marijuana use causes short-term memory loss, decreases sperm and testosterone production  in men, and may disrupt the menstrual cycle and cause miscarriage and stillbirth in women. To sum up, the drug trade brings the negative social and health problems more than the economic benefits.

Math Coursework - The Fencing Problem :: Math Coursework Mathematics

The Fencing Problem Introduction A farmer has exactly 1000 metres of fencing and wants to use it to fence a plot of level land. The farmer was not interested in any specific shape of fencing but demanded that the understated two criteria must be met:  · The perimeter remains fixed at 1000 metres  · It must fence the maximum area of land Different shapes of fence with the same perimeter can cover different areas. The difficulty is finding out which shape would cover the maximum area of land using the fencing with a fixed perimeter. Aim The aim of the investigation is to find out which shape or shapes of fencing will cover the maximum area of land using exactly 1000 metres of fencing material. Prediction I am predicting that the maximum area of land covered will be achieved by using the fencing shapes with the greatest number of sides. Method I made a list of possible different shapes to be investigated and assigned measurements to the sides of the shapes making sure that they fit in within the perimeter of 1000 metres of fencing. I then worked out the areas of each shape using known mathematical formulae and techniques such as Pythagoras' theorem to calculate the sides of right angled triangles; using trigonometrical functions (sine, tangent and cosine) to calculate either angles or sides of triangles constructed. Sometimes there are no known exact formulae for working out the area of certain shapes such as octagon and more complex polygons. In such cases, given shapes are split into shapes that have known formulae for areas and the worked out the areas are added together. Areas of the following shapes were investigated: square, rectangle, kite, parallelogram, equilateral triangle, scalene triangle, isosceles triangle, right-angled triangle, rhombus, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon and octagon. Results The results of the analysis are shown in Table 1 and Fig 1. Table 1 showing the areas for the different shapes formed by using the

Chapter 10 is a chapter that attempts to discus

Chapter 10 is a chapter that attempts to discus the seemingly ambiguous concept of equality. It contains a discussion of how equality is realized in law, public policy, and society in general. Furthermore, the discussion focuses on the three different conceptualizations of equality. These are equality under the law, equality of opportunity, and equality of material well-being. The main argument of this chapter is that equality of material well-being has emerged as the dominating factor in the formulation of policies. In order to prove his point, the author discusses each of the conceptualizations and how they are related to each other. The chapter contains a lengthy discussion of equality under the law. It discusses how the laws of a society must disregard various categorizations and consider people as individuals. Basically, this is the backbone of equality as perceived by many. It is with this conceptualization that the evil of inequality such as racism, sexism, homophobia and others are commonly argued with. Furthermore, the author discusses how equality under the law or the lack of it has been demonstrated in U.S history. The author recounts the discrimination that different groups have received and he identifies the presumably dominant group as being white, male, and predominantly Protestant. He argues that it is such group that has used the law in order to maintain its dominance and keep other groups subordinated. The author further argued that equality of opportunity and equality of material well-being are inseparable and dependent on each other. It is because opportunities to rise in the ranks of social mobility are dependent on the resources that one has. The author paralleled the evolution of the conceptualization of equality to the various stages that the civil rights movement has undergone. In its earliest days, the focus of the movement was on eradication of laws that subordinated African-Americans. In other words, this referred to attacks on denials of equality under the law. In the second stage, the civil rights movement focused on fighting for equal access to values and facilities that are supposed to be available to the general public. This constituted their battle for equality of opportunity. Now, the movement is in its third stage, the battle for proportional equality or equality of material well-being. To demonstrate how the focus shifted to proportional equality, the author recounted the laws that were deemed to be in support of the achievement of equality such as the fourteenth amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. These laws were used to generate policies that meant to end inequality on various fronts specifically education and employment. For instance, the fourteenth amendment led to the end of segregation in public schools. On the other hand, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 led to the creation of EEOC which pressed for ending discrimination in terms of employment opportunities. Having read the chapter, it is my view that equality, in all of its three conceptualizations, is all one and the same. Having one means having the others. The achievement of such cannot be the sole responsibility of the government or the law. It requires the concerted effort of the whole society. I agree with the author that today, the battle for equality has shifted to the battle for proportional equality. The achievement of such indeed reflects the fulfillment and realization of the two other conceptualizations. Equality must not only be reflected in the law. It does not only favor those who have long been discriminated. Equality is the right of everyone. Thus, every member of society must make an effort towards the realization of it.